Nutritional Observations, Hand-Feeding Formulas,
and Digestion in Exotic Birds


References
  1. National Research Council: Nutrient Requirement of Poultry (ed 8), Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1984.

  2. Scott ML, Nesheim MC, Young RJ: Nutrition of the Chicken (ed 3), Ithaca, NY, M.L. Scott, 1982.

  3. Hanson JT: Hand-raising large parrots, methodology and expected weight gains, Zoo Biol 6:139-160, 1987.

  4. Clubb SL. Clubb KJ, Schubot R: Psittacine Aviculture. Loxahatchee, FL, Avicultural Breeding and Research Center, 1992.

  5. Massey DM, Sellwood EHB, Waterhouse CE: The amino acid composition of budgerigar diet, tissue and carcase. Vet Rec 72:283-287, 1960.

  6. Grau CR, Roudybush TE: Lysine requirement of cockatiel chicks. Am Fed Aviculture Watchbird 12(6):12-14, 1986.

  7. Roudybush TE, Grau CR: Food and eater interrelations and the protein requirement for growth of an altricial bird, the cockatiel,. J Nutr 1 116:552-559, 1986.

  8. Robinson RG: Amino acid and elemental composition of sunflower and pumpkin seeds. Agron J 67:541-544, 1975.

  9. Sastry MCS, Murray DR: The tryptophan content of extractable seed proteins from cultivated legumes, sunflower and Acacia. J Sci Food Agri 37:535-538, 1986.

  10. VanEtten CH et al: Amino acid composition of safflower kernels, kernel protein, and hulls and solubility of kernel nitrogen. Agri Food Chem 11(2):137-139, 1963.

  11. Food and Agriculture Organization: Amino acid contents of foods and biological data on proteins. Rome, FAO Nutr Stud No. 24 FAO, 1970.

  12. Pancholv SK, Deshpande AS, Krall S: Amino acids, oil and protein content of some selected peanut cultivars, Proc Am Peanut Res Educ Assoc 10:30-37, 1978.

  13. Deschutter A. Leeson S: Feather growth and development. World Poultry Sci 42:259-267, 1986.

  14. Miller MR. Reinecke KJ: Proper expression of metabolize energy in avian energetics. Condor 86:396-400, 1984.

  15. Sheppard C, Turner W: Handrearing palm cockatoos. AAZPA Annual Processing, Portland OR, September 1987, pp 270-278.

  16. Voren H, Jordan R: Parrots: Hand-Feeding and Nursery Management, Pickering, Ontario, Canada, Silvio Mattcchione, 1992.

  17. Worth G: Personal communication, August 1990.

  18. Takeshita DL, Graham L, Silverman S: Hypervitminosis D in baby macaws. Proceedings of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1986, pp341-346.

  19. Silva T: Amonograph of endangered parrots. Pickering Ontario, Canada, Silvio Mattacchione, 1989.

  20. Ullrey DE, Allen ME, Baer DJ: Formulated diets versus seed for psittacines, J Nutr 121:S193-S205, 1991 (suppl).

  21. Drewes L, Flammer K: Preliminary data on aerobic microflora of baby psittacine birds. Proceedings of the Jean Delacour/IFCB Symposium on Breeding Birds in Captivity, Hollywood, CA, 1983, pp 73-81.

  22. Jerrett S.A. Goodge WR: Evidence for amylase in avian salivary glands. J Morph 139:27-46 1978.

  23. Homberger DG: The lingual Apparatus of the african grey parrot. Psittacus Erithacus dinne (Aves: Psittacidae): Description and theoretical analysis. Ornithological Monographs 39, Washington, DC, American Ornithologists' Union, 1986.

  24. Flammer K: Pediatric medicine, in Harrison GJ, Harrison LR (eds): Clinical Avian Medicine Surgery, Philadelphia, PA, Saundes, 1986, pp 634-650.

  25. Joyner KL: The use of a lactobacillus product in a psittacine hand-feeding diet; its effect on normal aerobic microflora early weight gain, and health. Proceedings of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1988, pp 127-137.

  26. Gerlach H: Repulsion of Enterobaceriaceae by using Lactobacilli. Proceedings of the Second International Parrot Convention, Loro Parque, 1990, pp E1-E17.

  27. Hill KJ: Thephysiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl, new York, NY, Academic Press, 1971.

  28. Griminger P: Digestive system and nutrition, in Abs M(ed): Physiology and Behaviour of the pigeon. New York, NY, Academic Press, 1983, pp 19-40.

  29. Duke GE: Alimentary canal: Anatomy, regulation of feeding, and motility, in Sturkie PD (ed): Avian Physiology, New York, NY, Springer-Verlag, 1986, pp 269-287.

  30. Hill KJ: The structure of the alimentary tract, in Bell DJ, Freeman BM (eds): Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl, New York, NY, Academic Press, 1971.

  31. Evans HE: Anatomy of the budgerigar, in Petrak MI, (ed) Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds (ed 2). Philadelphia, PA, Lea & Febiger, 1982. pp 111-187.

  32. Duke GE: Alimentary canal: Secretion and digestion, special digestive functions, and absorption, in Sturkie PD (ed): Avian Physiology, New York NY, Springer- Verlag, 1986, pp 289-302.

  33. Ziswiler V, Farner DS: Digestion and the digestive system, in Farner DS. King JR (eds): Avian Biology, vol2. New York, NY Academic Press, 1972, pp 343- 430.

  34. Hill KJ: Physiology of the digestive tract, in Freeman VM (ed): Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl, vol 4, New York, NY, Academic Press, 1983, pp 31-49.

  35. McLelland J: Digestive System, in King AS, McLelland J (eds): Form and Function in Birds, vol.1. New York, NY, Academic Press, 1979, pp 69-181.



Return to Table of Contents
Return to Research Papers
Return to H.A.R.I. Home Page